This regex validates dates in YYYY-MM-DD format with comprehensive rules:
- Year: Must be greater than 1900 (1901-9999)
- Month: Valid range 01-12
- Day: Validates correct number of days per month:
- 31 days: January, March, May, July, August, October, December
- 30 days: April, June, September, November
- 28 days: February (non-leap years)
- 29 days: February 29th only in leap years
The regex captures year, month, and day in separate groups (positions vary based on which alternative matches).