$re = '/(?:spirit_animals\s*=\s*\{|(?!^)\G)\s*\'\K([^\']+)(\'\s*:\s*\'[^\']+\',?)/';
$str = 'var cool_spirit_animals = {
\'Abel\': \'unicorn\',
\'Bob\': \'lion\'
};
var spirit_plants = {
\'Cain\': \'venus fly trap\'
};
var stupid_spirit_animals = {
\'Dan\': \'lamprey\'
};
var spirit_vampires = {
\'Emily\': \'Buffy\',
\'Fred\': \'Dracula\'
};';
$subst = "$1 Smith$2";
$result = preg_replace($re, $subst, $str);
echo "The result of the substitution is ".$result;
Please keep in mind that these code samples are automatically generated and are not guaranteed to work. If you find any syntax errors, feel free to submit a bug report. For a full regex reference for PHP, please visit: http://php.net/manual/en/ref.pcre.php