$re = '/(\p{L})(?!\1)(?i:\1)/m';
$str = 'I am trying to build a regex which will find : aA, Aa, bB, cC but won\'t fit to : aB, aa, AA, aC, Ca.';
preg_match_all($re, $str, $matches, PREG_SET_ORDER, 0);
// Print the entire match result
var_dump($matches);
Please keep in mind that these code samples are automatically generated and are not guaranteed to work. If you find any syntax errors, feel free to submit a bug report. For a full regex reference for PHP, please visit: http://php.net/manual/en/ref.pcre.php