$re = '/^(.*) is eating a ((?:(?!\b(?:by|at)\b).)*?)(?: ?\bby ((?:(?!\bat\b).)*?))?(?: ?\bat (.*))?$/m';
$str = 'Rafael C. is eating a Burger by McDonalds at Beach
David K. is eating a Burger by McDonalds
John G. is eating a by at House';
preg_match_all($re, $str, $matches, PREG_SET_ORDER, 0);
// Print the entire match result
var_dump($matches);
Please keep in mind that these code samples are automatically generated and are not guaranteed to work. If you find any syntax errors, feel free to submit a bug report. For a full regex reference for PHP, please visit: http://php.net/manual/en/ref.pcre.php