$re = '/(?=\[\[Image:)(\[(?:[^][]|(?1))*])(?<=]])/m';
$str = '[[Image:Justus Sustermans - Portrait of Galileo Galilei (Uffizi).jpg|left|thumb|upright|[[Galileo]] is often referred to as the Father of [[modern astronomy]], portrait by [[Justus Sustermans]]]]';
preg_match_all($re, $str, $matches, PREG_SET_ORDER, 0);
// Print the entire match result
var_dump($matches);
Please keep in mind that these code samples are automatically generated and are not guaranteed to work. If you find any syntax errors, feel free to submit a bug report. For a full regex reference for PHP, please visit: http://php.net/manual/en/ref.pcre.php