use strict;
my $str = '<h1>
<page num="1" />
<b><i>Britons United By Lost Hope, If Nothing Else</i></b>
</h1>
<h2>
<b><i>Many Feel Brexit Has Democracy on Trial</i></b>
</h2>
<h3>
<page num="18" />
<b><i>Britons Are Feeling United by a Lost Hope in Democracy, if Nothing Else</i></b>
</h3>
<fig>
<img src="images/img_103-5.jpg" width="442" height="261" alt="" />
<fc>Ann Dwyer, Thomas Dunn</fc>
<cr>AMANDA REYNOLDS OF PLUME PHOTOGRAPHY</cr>
</fig>
</break>';
my $regex = qr/(<(\w+)>)\s*(.*?)\s*(<\/\2>)/mp;
my $subst = '\\1\\3\\4';
my $result = $str =~ s/$regex/$subst/rg;
print "The result of the substitution is' $result\n";
Please keep in mind that these code samples are automatically generated and are not guaranteed to work. If you find any syntax errors, feel free to submit a bug report. For a full regex reference for Perl, please visit: http://perldoc.perl.org/perlre.html