$re = '/\b(?<!\w)((?:north|south)?(?:east|west)?)\b(?!\w)/m';
$str = 'The westerly barn is a room. The field is east of the barn. The stable is northeast of the field. The forest is northwest of the field.';
preg_match_all($re, $str, $matches, PREG_SET_ORDER, 0);
// Print the entire match result
var_dump($matches);
Please keep in mind that these code samples are automatically generated and are not guaranteed to work. If you find any syntax errors, feel free to submit a bug report. For a full regex reference for PHP, please visit: http://php.net/manual/en/ref.pcre.php