$re = '/.*CSF-([^._]*).*/m';
$str = 'PG.BiologicalProcess
PG.MolecularFunction
20210427_EXPL2_Evo1_CML_DIA44min_CSF-01-R_49.raw.PG.MS1Quantity
20210427_EXPL2_Evo1_CML_DIA44min_CSF-02-R_50.raw.PG.MS1Quantity
20210608_EXPL2_Evo3_CML_DIA44m_60k15k_CSF-01-30R_109.raw.PG.MS1Quantity
20210608_EXPL2_Evo3_CML_DIA44m_60k15k_CSF-01-Sr.raw.PG.MS1Quantity';
$subst = "\1";
$result = preg_replace($re, $subst, $str);
echo "The result of the substitution is ".$result;
Please keep in mind that these code samples are automatically generated and are not guaranteed to work. If you find any syntax errors, feel free to submit a bug report. For a full regex reference for PHP, please visit: http://php.net/manual/en/ref.pcre.php