re = /(?<=[A-Za-z0-9])_([A-Za-z0-9])/m
str = 'f_o_o_b_a_r
foo_bar
foo1_bar1
_foo_bar
foo__bar
trailing_
trailing__
trailing___
____pathological____case_____'
subst = '\\U$1'
result = str.gsub(re, subst)
# Print the result of the substitution
puts result
Please keep in mind that these code samples are automatically generated and are not guaranteed to work. If you find any syntax errors, feel free to submit a bug report. For a full regex reference for Ruby, please visit: http://ruby-doc.org/core-2.2.0/Regexp.html