$re = '/^(\s*)(?!pub(?:\s|\(.*?\)\s))(?!_)([_\p{L}][\p{L}0-9_]*\s*:)/m';
$str = 'struct Foo {
#[some(attr)]
ptr: Bar,
/// pub
/// lorem
inner: Baz,
_marker: Phantom,
///
pub corge: Corge
pub(crate) qux: Qux,
pub(self) quxx: Quxx,
hoge: Hoge,
pub fuga: Fuga,
publish: Pub,
pub_lish: Pub,
}';
$subst = "$1pub $2";
$result = preg_replace($re, $subst, $str);
echo "The result of the substitution is ".$result;
Please keep in mind that these code samples are automatically generated and are not guaranteed to work. If you find any syntax errors, feel free to submit a bug report. For a full regex reference for PHP, please visit: http://php.net/manual/en/ref.pcre.php