$re = '/\s*\{\{source\|(?>[^{}]|(\{\{(?:[^{}]++|(?1))*}}))*}}\s*/m';
$str = '# Test is a cool word {{source|{{nom w pc|Chantal|Bouchard}}, \'\'La langue et le nombril\'\', Presses de l\'Université de Montréal (PUM), 2020, p. 174}}.
# Test is a cool word {{source|Nicolas|Daniel, Presses de l\'Université de Montréal 4}}';
$subst = "";
$result = preg_replace($re, $subst, $str);
echo "The result of the substitution is ".$result;
Please keep in mind that these code samples are automatically generated and are not guaranteed to work. If you find any syntax errors, feel free to submit a bug report. For a full regex reference for PHP, please visit: http://php.net/manual/en/ref.pcre.php