$re = '/(?>^.*?\K(?:cat|(dog(1|2|3))))(?(1)|$.^)/m';
$str = 'jump dog1 cat - Good
jump cat run dog1 - Good
jump dog1 dog2 - Bad, it needs to match _dog1 and _dog2
jump dog1 dog2 cat run dog3 - Bad, it needs to match _dog1, _dog2 and not _dog3
(?>^.*?\\K(?:cat|(dog(1|2|3))))(?(1)|$.^)
(?>^.*?\\K(?:cat|(\\bdog(1|2|3))))
';
preg_match_all($re, $str, $matches, PREG_SET_ORDER, 0);
// Print the entire match result
var_dump($matches);
Please keep in mind that these code samples are automatically generated and are not guaranteed to work. If you find any syntax errors, feel free to submit a bug report. For a full regex reference for PHP, please visit: http://php.net/manual/en/ref.pcre.php