$re = '/(?|(?<=\[)[^\[\]]*(?<nested>\[[^\[\]]+\])[^\[\]]*|(?<=(?!\A)\G)(\[[^\[\]]*\])[^\[\]]*(?=(?:[^\[\]]*\[[^\[\]]+\])*\])|(?<=(?!\A)\G)[^\[\]]*(\[[^\[\]+]\])[^\[\]]*(?=\]))|(?<simple>\[[^\[\]]+\])/';
$str = '[e],[a] b [[c], [d] then [e]] followed by [f] then [g] a b [[c], [d] then [e]] followed by [f] then [g] a b [[c], [d] then [e and] and [d]] followed by [f] then [g][h]d[f]';
preg_match_all($re, $str, $matches, PREG_SET_ORDER, 0);
// Print the entire match result
var_dump($matches);
Please keep in mind that these code samples are automatically generated and are not guaranteed to work. If you find any syntax errors, feel free to submit a bug report. For a full regex reference for PHP, please visit: http://php.net/manual/en/ref.pcre.php