$re = '/(?s)(?:^([^"]*(?:"[^"a]*(?=")"[^"]*(?="))*"[^"a]*)|(?!^)\G)a([^"a]*(?:(?=a.*?")|(?:"[^"]*$|"[^"]*(?=")(?:"[^"a]*(?=")"[^"]*(?="))*"[^"a]*)))/';
$str = 'Somebody once told me "apples" are good for you
=> Somebody once told me "bpples" are good for you
"Aardvarks" make good kebabs
=> "Abrdvbrks" make good kebabs
The boy said "aaah!" when his mom told him he was eating aardvark
=> The boy said "bbbh!" when his mom told him he was eating aardvark
';
$subst = "$1b$2";
$result = preg_replace($re, $subst, $str);
echo "The result of the substitution is ".$result;
Please keep in mind that these code samples are automatically generated and are not guaranteed to work. If you find any syntax errors, feel free to submit a bug report. For a full regex reference for PHP, please visit: http://php.net/manual/en/ref.pcre.php