$re = '/\bfirst(?!\))|(?<!\()first/';
$str = 'The string (first) precedes first later on
The string (first precedes first later on
The string (first) precedes first later on and first again
The string (first) is not followed by another f*i*r*s*t
The string (first) precedes firstly later on
';
preg_match_all($re, $str, $matches, PREG_SET_ORDER, 0);
// Print the entire match result
var_dump($matches);
Please keep in mind that these code samples are automatically generated and are not guaranteed to work. If you find any syntax errors, feel free to submit a bug report. For a full regex reference for PHP, please visit: http://php.net/manual/en/ref.pcre.php