$re = '/(\`\`\`\{r \')([A-Za-z0-9-\s]+)/';
$str = '```{r \'2b - Possible causes for discrepancy\'}';
$subst = "**\2**\n\1\2";
$result = preg_replace($re, $subst, $str);
echo "The result of the substitution is ".$result;
Please keep in mind that these code samples are automatically generated and are not guaranteed to work. If you find any syntax errors, feel free to submit a bug report. For a full regex reference for PHP, please visit: http://php.net/manual/en/ref.pcre.php