use strict;
my $str = 'matrix \\dfrac{ \\left( \\sqrt{ \\left(\\begin{matrix} 5 \\\\ \\left(\\begin{matrix} 66 \\ 11 \\end{matrix}\\right) \\ \\end{matrix}\\right) \\phantom{\\tiny{!}}} , \\sqrt[ 6 ]{ 66 \\phantom{\\tiny{!}}} \\right) }{ 6 } 5 \\dfrac{ 22 }{ 5 }';
my $regex = qr/({matrix}.*? \\)( .*?(?={matrix}))/mp;
my $subst = '$1\\\\$2';
my $result = $str =~ s/$regex/$subst/rg;
print "The result of the substitution is' $result\n";
Please keep in mind that these code samples are automatically generated and are not guaranteed to work. If you find any syntax errors, feel free to submit a bug report. For a full regex reference for Perl, please visit: http://perldoc.perl.org/perlre.html