$re = '/\bf\b((?!\')(?!\")(?!\())/mi';
$str = 'f
f(aaa) + f
f + 2
a+ fcc + 9 -f
if({f_b}=0,\' -B\',\' -F -B\')
B + 5 + f(aaa, b)
b(aaa) + b
"b"
\'f\'
a=-f(aaa)';
$subst = "FOUND";
$result = preg_replace($re, $subst, $str);
echo "The result of the substitution is ".$result;
Please keep in mind that these code samples are automatically generated and are not guaranteed to work. If you find any syntax errors, feel free to submit a bug report. For a full regex reference for PHP, please visit: http://php.net/manual/en/ref.pcre.php