$re = '/\b
(
(?<abrev>(?:[A-Z]\.)+)
|(?<roman>M{0,4}(?:CM|CD|D?C{0,3})(?:XC|XL|L?X{0,3})(?:IX|IV|V?I{0,3}))
|(?<prep>(?i)d?[aoe]s?(?-i))
|(?<first>\w)(?<rest>\w+)
)
\b/mxu';
$str = 'alto dO cruzeiro
joão paulo II
N.S. aparecida
N.S. DAS GRAÇAS';
$subst = "${abrev}${roman}\L${prep}\E\U${first}\L${rest}";
$result = preg_replace($re, $subst, $str);
echo "The result of the substitution is ".$result;
Please keep in mind that these code samples are automatically generated and are not guaranteed to work. If you find any syntax errors, feel free to submit a bug report. For a full regex reference for PHP, please visit: http://php.net/manual/en/ref.pcre.php